Chapter 1 समुच्चय Ex 1.5

प्रश्न 1.
मान लीजिए कि U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, और C = {3, 4, 5, 6} तो निम्नलिखित को ज्ञात कीजिए :
(i) A’
(ii) B’
(ii) (A ∪ C)
(iv) (A ∪ B)’
(v) (A’)’
(vi) (B – C)’
हल:
(i) A’ = U – A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
(ii) B’ = U – B
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2, 4, 6, 8}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
(iii) A ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {3, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
(A ∪ C) = U – (A ∪ C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
= {7, 8, 9}.
(vi) A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∪ {2, 4, 6, 8}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}.
(A ∪ B) = U – (A ∪ B)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
= {5, 7, 9}.
(v) (A)’ = U – A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(A’) = U – A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
= {1, 2, 3, 4}.
(vi) B – C = {2, 4, 6, 8} – {3, 4, 5, 6} = {2, 8}
(B – C) = U – (B – C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2, 8}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9}.

प्रश्न 2.
यदि U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, तो निम्नलिखित समुच्चयों के पूरक ज्ञात कीजिए:
(i) A = {a, b, c}
(ii) B = {d, e, f, g}
(iii) C = {a, c, e, g}
(iv) D = {f, g, h, a}
हल:
(i) A’ = U – A
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {a, b, c}
= {d, e, f, g, h}.
(ii) B’ = U – B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {d, e, f, g}
= {a, b, c, h}
(iii) C = U – C
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {a, c, e, g} = {b, d, f, h}
(iv) D’ =U – D
= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {f, g, h, a} = {b, c, d, e}

प्रश्न 3.
प्राकृत संख्याओं के समुच्चय को सार्वत्रिक समुच्चय मानते हुए, निम्नलिखित समुच्चयों के पूरक लिखिए :
(i) {x : x एक प्राकृत सम संख्या है।
(ii) {x : x एक प्राकृत विषम संख्या है?
(iii) {x : x संख्या 3 का एक धन गुणज है
(iv) {x : x एक अभाज्य संख्या है?
(v) {x : x, 3 और 5 से विभाजित होने वाली एक संख्या है?
(vi) {x : x एक पूर्ण वर्ग संख्या है?
(vii) {x : x एक पूर्ण घन संख्या है?
(viii){x : x + 5 = 8}
(ix) {x : 2x + 5 = 9}
(x) {x : x ≥ 7}
(vi) {x : x ϵ N और 2x + 1 > 10}
हल:
(i) {x : x एक विषम प्राकृत संख्या है}
(ii) {x : x एक सम संख्या है?
(iii) {x : x ϵ N और x संख्या 3 का धन गुणज नहीं है।
(iv) {x : x = 1 और x एक धन भाज्य संख्या है?
(v) {x : x ϵ N और x, संख्या 3 व 5 किसी से भी विभाजित नहीं होती}
(vi) {x : x ϵ N तथा x एक पूण वर्ग संख्या नहीं है}
(vii) {x : x ϵ N तथा x एक पूर्ण वर्ग घन संख्या नहीं है}
(viii) {x : x ϵ N तथा x ≠ 3}
(ix) {x : x ϵ N तथा x ≠ 2}
(x) {x : x ϵ N तथा x < 7}
(xi) {x : x ϵ N तथा x < 92}

प्रश्न 4.
यदि U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} और B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, तो सत्यापित कीजिए कि:
(i) (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
(i) (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
हल:
(i) A ∪ B = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∪ {2, 3, 5, 7}
= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
बायाँ पक्ष = (A ∪ B)’ = U – (A ∪ B)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
= {1, 9}
A’ = U – A
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2, 4, 6, 8}
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
B’ = U – B
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2, 3, 5, 7}
= {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
दायाँ पक्ष = A’ ∩ B’
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} = {1, 9}
अतः (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’.
(ii) बायाँ पक्ष = (A ∩ B)’
(A ∩ B) = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2}
(A ∩B)’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} – {2}
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
दायाँ .पक्ष : A’ ∪ B’ = {1, 3, 5, 7,9} ∪ {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} [(i) और (ii)]
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
अतः (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B.

प्रश्न 5.
निम्नलिखित में से प्रत्येक के लिए उपयुक्त वेन आरेख खींचिए :
(i) (A ∪ B)’
(ii) A’ ∩ B’
(iii) (A ∩ B)’
(iv) (A’ ∪ B’)
हल:
छायांकित क्षेत्र को निम्नलिखित समुच्चयों द्वारा दर्शाते हैं :

प्रश्न 6.
मान लीजिए कि किसी समतल में स्थित सभी त्रिभुजों का समुच्चय सार्वत्रिक समुच्चय U है। यदि A उन सभी त्रिभुजों का समुच्चय हैं जिनमें कम से कम एक कोण 60° से भिन्न है, तो A’ क्या है?
हल:
U = {x : x समतल में एक त्रिभुज है}
A = {x : x एक त्रिभुज जिसका कम से कम एक कोण 60° का न हो}
A’ = {सभी समबाहु त्रिभुजों का समुच्चय है।

प्रश्न 7.
निम्नलिखित कथनों को सत्य बनाने के लिए रिक्त स्थान भरिए :
(i) A ∪ A’ = ……………
(ii) ϕ’ ∩ A = ……………..
(iii) A ∩ A’ = ………….
(iv) U’ ∩ A = …………
हल:
(i) A ∪ A’ = U
(ii) ϕ’ ∩ A = U ∩ A = A
(iii) A ∩ A’ = ϕ
(iv) U’ ∩ A = ϕ ∩ A = ϕ

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